Ethical considerations in animal research: the principle of 3r's

In the last century, progress in the knowledge of human diseases, their diagnosis and treatment have grown exponentially, due in large part to the introduction and use of laboratory animals. Along with this important progress, the need to provide training and guidance to the scientific community in all aspects related to the proper use of experimental animals has been indispensable. Animal research committees play a primary role in evaluating experimental research protocols, from their feasibility to the rational use of animals, but above all in seeking animal welfare. The Institutional Committee for the Care and Use of Animals (IACUC) has endeavored to share several relevant aspects in conducting research with laboratory animals. Here, we present and discuss the topics that we consider of utmost importance to take in the account during the design of any experimental research protocol, so we invite researchers, technicians, and undergraduate and graduate students to dive into the fascinating subject of proper animal care and use for experimentation. The main intention of these contributions is to sensitize users of laboratory animals for the proper and rational use of them in experimental research, as well as to disseminate the permitted and unpermitted procedures in laboratory animals. In the first part, the significance of experimental research, the main functions of IACUC, and the principle of the three R's (replacement, reduction, and refinement) are addressed.

Metabolismo de la homocisteína y riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares: Importancia del estado nutricio en ácido fólico, vitaminas B6 y B12 / Metabolism of homocysteine and risk of cardiovascular diseass: Importance of folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12 nutritional status

La homocisteína es un aminoácido azufrado que se sintetiza en el organismo a partir de la metionina. Este compuesto puede seguir dos rutas es su metabolismo, la de remetilación y la de transulfuración. La primera da lugar a la regeneración de metionina y la segunda a la formación de cisteína. Debido a su rápida utilización metabólica, este aminoácido se encuentra en bajas concentraciones en el plasma. La homocisteína circula en la sangre como tiol puro en bajas concentraciones y la mayoría se encuentra como disulfuro libre unido a residuos de cisteína de las proteínas. Sin embargo, en el caso de defectos genéticos en alguna de las enzimas del metabolismo de la homocistéina o de deficiencia nutricia de ácido fólico, vitamina B6 y B12, cuyas formas coenzimáticas se requieren para la utilización de homocisteína, se produce una elevación significativa de la concentración de este aminoácido en plasma asociado a un incremento en el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. En base a estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos en la actualidad se considera la concentración de homocisteína en plasma como un factor independiente de riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades aterotrombóticas y cardiovasculares. En la presente revisión se describe el metabolismo de la homocisteína, y la evidencia epidemiológica que muestra la asociación de la homocisteína con la incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, así como valores de referencia. Se indican los mecanísmos a través de los cuales este aminoácido azufrado produce daño vascular. Finalmente, se dan algunas recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutricio de pacientes con hiperhomocisteinemia.

Alanine aminotransferase activity in mammary tissue, muscle and liver of dam rat during lactation and weaning

Transamination reaction is the first step in the catabolism of most of the L-amino acids. Alanine is an important molecule in the inter-organ nitrogen transport, conveying them from muscle to the liver Amino groups from this amino acid are generally first transferred to alfa-ketoglutarate in the cytosol of liver cells to form glutamate and leaving behing the corresponding alfa-keto acid analog. Measurements of the alanine aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.2.) activity were compared in liver, mammary gland an skeletal muscle in virgin, lactating and weaning dam rats. In this study liver was the principal tissue involved in alanine transamination, while muscle showed a reduction in the enzyme activity during lactation. Results indicate an increase in alanine aminotransferase activity in the mammary gland during lactation and weaning when compared with virgin rats. This suggest that mammary gland during lactation is an importan extra-hepatic tissue involved in the metabolism of alanine and probably shunted into hte pathways for amino group metabolism in terms of nitrogen economy